Animal life began in aquatic environments more than 600 million years ago. Around 500 million years ago, during the Cambrian ...

The transition from water to land is a question that still intrigues scientists. Those ancient organisms would have needed to adapt to several new challenges to life out of water. So, how did they do ...

Animals from completely different branches of the tree of life, such as insects, worms and vertebrates, independently evolved similar genetic solutions to survive on land, according to a new study ...

Animals from completely different branches of the tree of life such as insects, worms and vertebrates independently evolved similar genetic solutions to survive on land, according to a new study from ...

Russell has a PhD in the history of medicine, violence, and colonialism. His research has explored topics including ethics, science governance, and medical involvement in violent contexts. Russell has ...

A comparison with the environmental settings and biological adaptations of nearly 6,000 terrestrial mammalian species demonstrates the profound advantages of human cultural adaptations.

The Arctic region -- The late cenozoic glaciations -- Marine invertebrates and fish -- Marine mammals -- Land invertebrates -- Fresh water communities -- Amphibia and reptiles -- Terrestrial birds and ...