Water molecules can break down into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. \(H_{2}O(l)\rightleftharpoons H^{+}(aq)+OH^{-}(aq)\) This is a reversible reaction. A small proportion of water molecules break up ...

This lab includes a theoretical explanation of how buffers work and how they are made, including a derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Students will use what they have learned to ...

\(concentration~in~g/dm^3 = \frac{mass~of~solute~in~g}{volume~in~dm^3}\) The units for concentration can also be shown as g dm-3, but this means the same as g/dm 3. 8 g of sodium hydroxide is ...

pH is a measure of a solution's acidity or alkalinity. Acids have a pH below 7, releasing hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, while bases have a pH above 7, releasing hydroxide ions. Enzymes have ...

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