Gene and cell doping typically utilizes genes that encode proteins that can enhance athletic performance, and can evade current protein-level drug monitoring anti-doping tests. Changmin Sung, a ...

Certain genetic traits can significantly influence an athlete’s performance. For example, variants of the erythropoietin gene that lead to increased red blood cell production — and therefore greater ...

Gene and cell doping typically utilizes genes that encode proteins that can enhance athletic performance, and can evade current protein-level drug monitoring anti-doping tests. [Figure 2] Detection of ...

In the 1990s, Lee Sweeney, a physiologist at the University of Pennsylvania, demonstrated that inserting the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) into the muscle cells of mice increased ...