Recent years have seen an enormous amount of experimental and clinical research into role of the pulmonary veins (PVs) in atrial fibrillation (AF). Advanced imaging techniques have confirmed the ...

Pulmonary vein antrum isolation is an accepted alternative to antiarrhythmic therapy for restoring normal sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation. The procedure has a high initial success ...

Among the 77 patients assigned to undergo circumferential pulmonary-vein ablation, ablation was repeated because of recurrent atrial fibrillation in 26 percent of patients and atypical atrial flutter ...

Catheter ablation is less successful for persistent atrial fibrillation than for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Guidelines suggest that adjuvant substrate modification in addition to pulmonary-vein ...

Acute venous embolism and thrombosis are both conditions that disrupt blood flow. Treatment may involve medications or surgery. Blood clot formation is a protective mechanism that helps prevent excess ...

Since the pioneering work of Haissaguerre and colleagues, our understanding of the anatomy and electrical properties of the PVs has been greatly advanced. Although other sources of AF have been ...