Instead of Circuit Theory, gain equations are extracted from a Signal Flow Graph (SFG) by Mason’s Gain Formula. Voltage Signal Analysis (VSA) creates a SFG from the Circuit Schematic.

Learn how engineers design electrical circuits by calculating the voltage, current and resistance of electrical components.

Further details of the setup and the results are provided in the study “ Outdoor implied open-circuit voltage imaging of perovskite solar cells using sunlight excitation,” published in Joule.

1. A relatively simple circuit allows users to communicate data over a low-voltage power line in applications that do not have any free conductors in an existing cable.